Different Approaches to the Meaning of Life Essay

The question â€Å"what is the meaning of life? † is often treated as a paradigmatic â€Å"head in the clouds† sort of philosophical question that more practical people shouldn’t have the time for, but its actually a question of tremendous practical importance. Further, it is a question to which most people, even those who claim to have no interest in such questions, answer implicitly with the lives they chose to lead. So if you don’t want to bother with such questions, and just want to enjoy yourself, you are effectively saying that enjoyment is the ultimate point of human life. If you spend your life pursuing one of, say, money, power, pleasure, or religious understanding, then you implicitly commit yourself to such organizing principles representing what is really important in life. The choices we make in our lives are often governed by such implicit conceptions of what is most important to us, and while it may be that, say, being happy is the most important thing, it may take a certain amount of reflection on these larger questions to become clear about this. Some might think that thinking about questions like the meaning of life is itself the most important thing for us to do, but even if we don’t, we can still see that it is very important to spend at least some time doing, since such organizing principles are too important for us to accept without reflecting on them at all. Further, if there really is a point or meaning to our lives, and we live our lives according to a different principle (say if we live for enjoyment when serving God is the real purpose of life, or (conversely) if we spend our lives in prayer when enjoying life is its real purpose) then we may have literally wasted our lives. Since that is something we shouldn’t want to do, it seems that, if life does have a purpose, we would do well to know what it is. On the other hand, if life doesn’t have a purpose, it might be good to know that rather than spending it serving some illusory ideal, though this latter point is more controversial. If life did have no meaning, and there was no point to anything we did, then it might seem better not to investigate this topic at all, since looking in to it would only cause us distress. (Though if life really were meaningless, the fact that we were so distressed would not really matter. ) 2. Four Approaches to the question of life’s meaning. While the authors covered in the class give many varied answers to the question of what the meaning of life is, and some don’t give a clear answer to it at all, they all fall into one of four groups when it comes to thinking about that kind of answer the questions should have. That is to say, there are four different approaches to the question: What is it that determines the meaning of our lives? 1 I. Radical Objectivists. This first group (which includes Plato, Epictetus, Schopenhauer, as well as James and Tolstoy in their ‘post-crisis’ periods) take what really matters to be determined by factors that are completely independent of us (be it God, Reason, Nature, the ‘Form of the Good’ or just ‘the way things are’). It’s our responsibility to live up to these standards, but there is no sense in which these standards come from us. (Schopenhauer, while he denies that God exists, has a touch of this when he insists that a life of intellect just is objectively better (and not just ‘happier’) than a life of passion and willing). This might, of course, seem to make life’s purpose too remote from our actual lives, which might lead one to become one of the †¦ II. Theorists of Human Nature In this second group we can include Aristotle, Marx and Epicurus. Like the radical objectivists they take the purpose of life to be something ‘given’, that is, its an objective fact that we aren’t at liberty to change, but unlike the radical objectivists, they think that this fact is grounded in objective facts about our own natures. Our shared human nature is what determines what is the best life for all of us. Still, it may be hard to defend this sort of view unless one were already a radical objectivist, since without such an overarching framework, it’s much harder to think of humans as having a such a fixed essence or nature, which might lead one to become one of the†¦ III. ‘Constructivists’ This third group (which includes Nietzsche, Sartre, Hare, and Nagel (from his more ‘subjective’ perspective)) ground the purpose of our lives in our own drives, desires and wants. However, unlike the theorists of human nature, they don’t take such drives to be objective in the sense of being independent of our attitudes towards them. For these philosophers, the drives etc. that ground the purpose of our lives can change, and are (to a certain extent) under our (not always conscious) control. Because of this, the meanings of our lives, such as they are, are things that we make. Unfortunately, one might doubt that transient creatures like ourselves are up to the task of making such meanings, in which case one might become one of the †¦ IV. ‘Nihilists’ This last group (which includes Camus, Nagel (from his more ‘objective’ perspective) and James & Tolstoy (when they were in ‘crisis’ mode)) agree with the constructivists that there are no ‘objective’ facts which could determine a purpose to our lives, but also believe that something as ephemeral as our passing desires and drives is not enough to make a life really meaningful. Consequently, in the absence of any objective meaning, life must ultimately have no meaning at all, and there is, ultimately, no ‘point’ in doing anything. This final spot is not a happy one to be in, and its perhaps not surprising that James and Tolstoy both bounce from #4 back to #1 when the prospect of living with #4 becomes too bleak. Still, while it can seem natural to slip from 1 to 2, from 2 to 3 and from 3 to 4, and 4 to despair, lots of people have argued that the slide can be stopped at various points along the way. 1 As a result, every point on the spectrum has it supporters, though no position on it seems completely stable, which is why the question will probably always continue to be debated. 1 H a r e , f o r in s ta n c e , c a n b e u n d e r s to o d a s a r g u in g th a t th e th r o u g h th a t 3 le a d s to 4 c o m e s f r o m a c o n f u s io n a b o u t w h a t it is to † m a tte r † .

Magazines articles Essay

I enjoyed multiple stories in this film. The first story that stood out for me the most was the mother who had cancer. This story was extremely sad for me because I could not picture my mother in that position. I believe they are communicating through filming because the mother wants to put her story out there. By watching this film the mother seems like she is a strong person who does not mind putting her story out there because she does not want anyone to feel like they are the only ones going through this experience. My reaction was surprised when I saw her marks on her back from the cancer. I did not think she would show that on camera to the world. In her case I believe that verbal communication was the most affective especially when she was talking to her son. The next story that stood out for me was the older couple who wrote their vows for each other. I found that clip humorous. I believe for them communicating verbally is special for them to share what they want for each oth er. Just from watching their clip I could get an insight of their life just by the way they jokes with each other in their vows. It is easy to tell that they have a strong marriage and are not afraid to joke around with each other. The next story that made me think was the story of the women from Afghanistan. This story was interesting to me because for Americans it is portrayed that the women in Afghanistan have no freedom and are controlled by the men in their life. Showing the women doing karate was an eye opener because it showed me we do not know everything that is going on in Afghanistan. Just because one part of Afghanistan may be a certain way does not mean it is all like that. Non verbal communication made the most impact because just seeing the women doing something they enjoy meant a lot. No words can describe that better than seeing the looks on the women’s faces when they are enjoying themselves. Being in different countries sometimes you can’t believe everything you see in politics or see on the news and media. This clip was a perfect example of that. This whole video made an impact on me because it showed me that when I am laying in my bed with all my blankets and pillows there are many people out there my age sleeping on the streets with no food or even shelter. When I am riding the bus to class somewhere around the world a young man or woman is carrying all of their belongings on their back.

ANalysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ANalysis paper - Essay Example Finally, I will evaluate the success of these arguments, with the goal of understanding the role of class in contemporary African American racial relations. I will conclude that while West’s notion of nihilism as an underlying cause is an appealing one, it is impossible to determine a causal relationship between the many different problems facing the lower class African American community. For West, nihilism is â€Å"the lived experience of coping with a life of horrifying meaninglessness, hopelessness, and (most important) lovelessness† (West 4). West emphasizes that nihilism is neither a problem lying in any social or political structure nor a behavioral flaw, but rather it is â€Å"a disease of the soul† (West 5). West’s approach, then, is different from that of the liberal structuralists and conservative behaviorists. The problem with both of these groups, according to West, is that each fails to notice and address what he takes to be the real problem: the nihilism with which poor, black communities seem to be stricken. Furthermore, both groups only address one part of the problem at a time while the truth is that â€Å"structures and behavior are inseparable, that institutions and values go hand in hand† (West 2). In other words, there is no way to find what is the cause and what is the effect between structure and behavior in the blac k communal problems. Instead, it is this nihilist point of view that underlies and unites both issues. But if the problem cannot be isolated as neatly as the liberals or conservatives suggest, what can be done differently? West proposes that the ‘cure’ for nihilism is â€Å"a love ethic† that might help the African American population to feel that they are important and valuable members of society (West 6). In order to effect this sort of change, West uses the suggestions of both the structuralists and the behaviorists to help fix both the structural problems at hand

Are people born Gay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are people born Gay - Essay Example My thesis statement is that, people are born gay and cannot change their sexual orientation. This essay will focus on this debate and the views of different writers for, or against this view. Approximately 2-5% of men are gay, and the statistics for women is half that of men. (Rahman & Wilson, 2003). The disparity here is explained by the fact that women are influenced by their culture as well as situations, unlike men. Nathaniel Lehrman (2005) stated that even after years of study, there is no evidence of a gay gene. The votes to normalize homosexuality seem to suggest that it is an inborn trait, but to him, this vote is political and not scientific. It is in the late 1970s that the term orientation began to be used in place of the word preference. This change he states has led many people to think that homosexuality is innate. The author sites examples of people who were previously engaged in gay relationships but had since stopped and are in stable relationships with the people of the opposite sex. Another explanation that he gives for his stand is that there is no clear description of what being gay is. Having attractions to the people of the same gender as you does not mean that you are gay. He uses this disparity to justify his belief that no one is born a homosexual. Nathaniel argues that the tests that claim that there is DNA proof to show that there are gay genes falls short of significance. The fact that there is no clear evidence pointing to the possibility of gay genes makes it hard to prove the same. According to research, some children who face maltreatment while younger become gay when they become adults. (Roberts & Koenen, 2013). Factors such as having a drunkard parent, parental mental illness and presence of a step-parent affect a child’s sexual orientation once they grow into adulthood. This study goes to show that there are other factors that may lead to one becoming gay, but the

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Finance - Essay Example ormula also clearly generated risk associated with the investment and thus shows the possible measures to take in a given risk scenario in an investment. This is a financial field which proposes the use and application of psychology based theories which are used to explain the anomalies in the stock market. In this context, the assumption in behavioral finance is the characteristics of market participants and the information structure which systematically influences the investments individual decision in the market outcome. This evident in various stock exchange markets which investors have assumed on making the best decisions. In this area, there are numerous incidents of this phenomenon in the security market which contradicts the market hypothesis in the investor’s rationality. In this context, the behavioral finance hypothesis seems to attempt to cover and replace the investment void. In any investment, this theory states that it is totally impossible to beat the market due to the efficiency of the stock market which makes the existing shares to incorporate and thus reflecting the information which is relevant in accordance to this theory. It is therefore the investor purchases the undervalued stocks or eventually sells out the stock in inflated prices. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Definition | Investopedia." Investopedia - Educating the world about finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2013.

Group Roles as Evidenced in Mean Girls Movie Review

Group Roles as Evidenced in Mean Girls - Movie Review Example You have probably worked in groups that are effective and groups that are less or not effective. While there is no magic elixir upon knowing what moves groups forward and what limits their progress can be helpful whenever you are working in a group or team. In order for the group members of the team to have a harmonious relationship with each other they need to determine the strength and weakness of one other. To ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of each member of the group they need to identify the characters or roles of each member of the group. This will enable the group to help themselves adjust and cope with the each other and this will hasten to achieve the groups' desired goals harmoniously. There are certain and specific roles under a certain category that each member possesses during a group communication. Two theorists on group behavior were Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheats, who wrote an influential article titled "Functional Roles of Group Members" back in the 1940s. In it, they defined 26 different group roles that can be played by one or more people within a group. Their work influenced other early research and thinking on group functions. And whilst more recent research has refined many of these ideas. Benne and Sheats defined three categories of group roles: task roles, personal/social roles, and dysfunctional or individualistic roles. One of the films that portray a good representation of a group role ... Cady Heron's role in that group is the opinion giver because she expresses her own opinions and beliefs on a certain matter that her friends were initializing. Often states opinions in terms of what the group should do and should not do. This is because she grew up in a place where her parents taught her moral values. She is also the encourager she affirms supports and praises the efforts of fellow group members. Demonstrates warmth and provides a positive attitude towards her friends. In one of the films best lines after a telling off from Regina, Cady tries to comfort Karen wherein she told Karen that she is not stupid. She is also the harmonizer of the group she conciliates differences between individuals. Seeks ways to reduce tension and diffuse a situation. She is also an observer because she provides feedback to the group about how it is functioning. Another powerful character in that movie is Regina George. Although the high school students seemed to both adore and loath Regina George, her powerful position within the social organization at the school had many visible effects on her followers' behavior. Classmates copied Regina's style and vocabulary, and passed along Regina's gossip with vigor. In fact, the behavior of her closest friends was regulated by specific rules governing what to wear, who to date, and who to befriend. Their proximity to power was intoxicating despite Regina's mistreatment-so much so that when Gretchen was demoted to a lower position in the social hierarchy, "she knew it was better to be in the Plastics-hating life-than to not be in at all." Regina is the aggressor of the group she makes personal attacks using belittling and insulting comments, for example, "That's the most

Disaster Relief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disaster Relief - Research Paper Example When the government relief operations machine hums efficiently, we see our government at work and conclude that its disaster relief policies are working. But how are these public policies on disaster relief formulated? What happens behind the great doors of congress that makes the policy as it is? What happens at the oval office that makes a difference in the public policies of the United States government? However, the most critical is the last question: What happens outside of these government offices that affect the outcome of our public policies? In this paper, I shall attempt to evaluate the different roles performed by different agencies in the formulation of our public policy on disaster relief, including the dynamics between and among these entities. Public policy is defined simply as â€Å"whatever governments choose to do or not to do.†2 In other words, every action by the government’s three branches – the executive, legislative and judicial – is governed by a pre-determined course of action. It necessarily includes the decision not to do anything about a certain issue. Interestingly, this interpretation also works in reverse wherein government action and inaction results in public policy. That is, in the form of lessons learned from its previous mistakes. There have been identified distinct stages in the policymaking process. These are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation.3 For each of the aforementioned stage, a different group of actors is involved and a different dynamics between these concurring and opposing interest occur. Each actor is espousing a specific opinion or direction for the policy being formulated, each trying to promote its interests. It is the democratic process’ hopeful expectation that when different groups try to put into the policy their

Financial Institutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Institutions - Research Paper Example After reviewing the trend in banking branches, it is determined that there is a huge increase in bank branches then in 1934. Bank branches were very almost nonexistent in the 1930’s and increased as time went on. The increase in branches has shown a steady decrease in institutions. These increases and decreases show an overall increase in facilities. It seems that the public has more access to banking facilities then in 1934. There were 14,146 offices available in 1934 and in 2009 there are over 90,159. The trend shown for banking statistics shows that consolidating is a growing and continuing trend. This can be proven true since, almost every street in modern day America is home to a branch location. Some financial institutions house as many as 50 different financial institutions. This is good in a way that individuals can choose which financial institution to bank with. Despite the regulations that protect banks from failure, some do fail. Go to www2.fdic.gov/hsob/. Select t he tab labeled â€Å"Bank and Thrift Failures†. How many bank failures occurred in the USA during the most recent calendar year? What were the total assets held by the banks that failed? How many banks failed in 1937? In 2010 name the top three states where bank failures occurred. 2. ... The difference in bank loss assets differ by millions of dollars. This is proof that there is more money available and out in the American economy compared to the 1930’s. In 2010 there were also many bank failures. The top three states that produced bank failures were Florida, Georgia and Illinois. This was determined by totaling the number of failures in each state. Of the states listed, the most failures were in the given states. Whilst looking at the bank failure data choose one bank in Washington State and provide a two page synopsis of the bank condition (asset size, equity, derivatives book etc) at the time of failure. Also, conduct a media (newspaper/trade journal search) of any news regarding the failed bank you are researching. Did the board of directors consent to the closing? Name the date when Order for Taking Possession took place. Provide the name of the bidder that assumed the deposits of the bank. Was it necessary for the FDIC to create an interim bank to handl e deposits for customers? 3. After reviewing bank failures, it is important to examine which banks failed and why the banks failed. The FDIC helps regulate certain banking aspects to try and prevent failure but sometimes it is out of the FDIC’s hands and nothing can be done. There could be many reasons as to why a bank would fail. Banks fail for many different reasons like a poor economy and improper management. Sometimes it has nothing to do with the bank and its employees but rather the amount of loans out. When a bank has many loans out and the borrowers are unable to pay, the banks take a loss. A bank that has failed in 2010 is the North County Bank. The bank is located in Arlington, in the state of Washington. This

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example In 1998, ‘Somerfield’, a supermarket group acquired Kwik Save in a transaction worth ?473 million (Somerfield, n.d.). They had faced huge competition when super store Tesco and Sainsbury launched their own brands. In addition, other two discounters Lidl and Aldi had also entered the retail market. Several stores were closed around the United Kingdom and as a result the company went under administration. They also sold a few stores to Fresh Xpress but it was also under administration and ultimately all the stores were closed. Eventually, the entire of stores of Kwik Save closed in 2007 (Docstoc, 2010). Kwik Save had closed down 79 stores in order to survive in market. Kwik Save also sold its stores to Somerfield in 2006, and since then more problems aroused which resulted in lay off of several outlets, collapsing of sales as well as suppliers refusing to supply goods (Earth Times, 2011). The management of Somerfield realised that the outlook and inner look of Kwik Save st ores would not fit well with the brand of Somerfield. They had warehouse style of inexpressive wooden shelving, space-saving undersized checkouts and thin passageway which needed to be changed by Somerfield. Subsequently, Somerfield decided to maintain and fully renovate the 102 best stores although the remaining 248 stores were fixed up for closure (Somerfield, n.d.). ... The market share of Kwik Save cut down from 1.2 % in April 2006 to 0.2% in 2007 (Docstoc, 2010). 2.0 Causes of Strategic Problems The company was focussing more on acquisition rather than improving the existing operation. Poor thinking as well as decision-making has been the prime cause of their strategic business failure. The store was not achieving their target since it was established (White Lane, n.d.). Firm’s Strategic Positioning Kwik Save was a successful grocery discount supermarket chain around the United Kingdom. They had developed the strategy to sell branded product in a cheap rate to attract maximum numbers of customer. This strategy led to an amalgamation of low fixed cost as well as severe central control. All this were the outcome of network of above 870 conveniently located and unpretentious stores located around the UK. It adopted a â€Å"no nonsense† approach for grocery retailing. The customer money was provided importance thus they were charged low rate for the products. But in 1970s and 1980s, the entrance of super stores hindered their growth and they could not compete with those retail stores. Firm was successful in strategy positioning when no other highly discount based retailers were present but due to the emergence of superstore they were left behind. The superstores were providing importance to leisure, comfort; excitement in the store but Kwik Save with its simple design, could not gain competitive advantage (Reference for Business, 2011). Firm’s Managers Analysis of the Environments of their Industry Andersen Consulting was appointed by the managers of Kwik Save in order to conduct ‘root-and-branch’ strategic review. Kwik Save was one of the â€Å"Britain’s number one discounter† but became

Philosophical essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Philosophical - Essay Example As analyzed by Plato, ideas are the actual facts and are experienced by the soul. The body can only have experience on shadows. The essentially rationalistic epistemology of Plato determines this. Hasker theory of Emergent Dualism illustrates that the mind emergence from the brain gives a solution to the mind-body problem. He argues that emergent dualism shares with materialism the argument that ordinary matter possess the potentially for consciousness within itself, it in fact goes some way far from materialism in the power in which it attributes to matter. Considering the standard materialism, the physical closure guarantees that consciousness does not bring about a difference to the manner in which a matter operates itself. This implies that all of the processes in the brain are provided with a mechanistic explanation that would be just similar whether or not the processes performed together with conscious experience. On the other hand, emergent dualism recognizes that a great many mental processes are irreducibly theological, and cannot be provided explanation upon brain processes that own a full mechanistic explanation. Therefore, the power imposed to matter through the emergent dualism leads to the total of

Outline and evaluate Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate Essay Outline and evaluate the view that the role of youth culture is to assist in the transition from childhood to adulthood (33 marks) The view that youth culture is a transitory phase is a functionalist idea which comes under the process of social integration where individuals become integrated into different social groups so they have a sense of belonging. Parsons (1954), argued that youth culture provides a bridge from childhood to adulthood by enabling young people to become more independent and detached from their parents. This takes the view of youth culture being a ‘rite of passage’. Eisenstadt (1956) suggested youth culture bound young people together and formed a sense of community stemming from a shared way of life. There are some criticisms of the functionalist approach such as the emphasis of shared features which means they ignore the differences between youth subcultures, a Marxist would argue these differences are important and cannot be ignored. Another argument against functionalism would the focus on age specific groups which misses an opportunity to look at youth as a state of mind able to be felt by anyone regardless of age. Marxists pay more attention to subcultures than functionalists and their theories are associated with the CCCS. The CCCS is considered neo-Marxist and their view of youth subcultures is that they are a product of structural explanations such as the economy and social class rather than general explanations such as age. Hall and Jefferson (1976) believed youth subcultures are a form of resistance to the ‘crisis of capitalism’. Through adopting a subcultural style youths were able to reject the dominant culture. Clarke (1976), who studied skinhead culture, believed that through the subculture they were able to exaggerate their working class background and hold on to tradition in the face of the extinction of working class communities. Brake (1980) suggested youth subcultures provide ‘magical’ solutions by providing safety from problems and an opportunity to express freedom and new ideas. The subculture allows them to convince themselves they will be able to solve the problems of their time but the solutions aren’t able to be sustained in reality, thus the reason they are referred to as magical. Marxists are accused of ignoring the involvement of girls in subcultural groups and issues of ethnic identity. There is also an assumption in the CCCS work that most youths joined subcultures which is debateable as it is possible many were ‘ordinary youths’. The CCCS are also criticised of looking too far into the reasons why youths join subcultures, perhaps many of them joined just for fun. There have also been accusations of Marxists ignoring the role of the media in the formation of youth subcultures. The main argument feminists make is that other approaches largely ignore the role of females in subcultures. McRobbie and Garber (1976) were critical of the work the CCCS for this reason. Their research on female subcultures identified a ‘Bedroom culture’ which features included experimenting with make-up and hairstyles, discussing boys and magazines. There are few studies of all-girl subcultures but one that has been in the USA are the ‘Riot Grrrls’ who use powerful image forms of communication to display their anger and feelings of oppression. The feminist view focuses mainly on gender related issues and has been criticised for this but this approach seems to suggest the role of youth culture for girls, in the case of bedroom culture, is to share information about their personal life and gain advice to help them through the transitional phase and in the case of the Riot Grrrls to express themselves and challenge the dominant culture which is perceived to be male oriented. Postmodernists believe that youth style has become increasingly fragmented over the years. They argue that shared attachments are not the norm in the UK as youth styles are viewed as fluid changeable and eclectic. Bennett (1999) called these fluid and complex youth styles ‘Neo-tribes’. People can move in and out of these neo-tribes over time which reflects the transitory nature of youth. An example of a neo-tribe would be club culture. Polemus (1997) noted the ‘supermarket of style’ available to youths. They are able to choose from different fashions, music tastes and identities and mix them together to form their own. Postmodernist views have been criticised as there are still examples of subcultures in the present day such as goths or emos. The idea of fluidity may also be overstated as most young people don’t move in and out of neo-tribes over long periods of time. In conclusion, all of the approaches in a sense agree with youth culture being part of becoming an adult through increased independence and self-expression. It involves young people exploring their newfound responsibilities and freedoms along with ways to deal with any problems they face as a consequence.

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution

Medical Advancements during the Industrial Revolution Medical Advancements in the industrial revolution Compared with the other great time periods, the industrial revolution in particular was known to have had one of the largest impacts on the world. Some of the largest being advancements in technology leading to breakthroughs in the field of medicine. It was during the 18th century that scientists were able to discover cures for many previously incurable diseases through the use and application of these â€Å"new† technologies. The government of the time was also forced to improve living conditions in order to create better sanitation, which in turn also helped to lower the risk of disease and raise life expectancy. Disease accounted for many deaths in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution. With a chronic lack of hygiene, little knowledge of sanitary care and no knowledge as to what caused diseases (let alone cure them), diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus could be lethal. As the cities became more populated, the problem worsened. Prior to advancements in medicine there had been little-to-no sanitation, and accordingly people living during this time had a very short life expectancy. Also, there was little understanding around how and why disease was constantly spreading. One of the major contributing factors was the housing conditions which the majority of the population dwelled: they were overcrowded, meaning that one small room could (and often did) house up to ten people. Houses did not have access to clean water, the water was contaminated with sewage, bacteria and other pathogens. With the majority of doctors knowledge being based upon traditional remedies that had lit tle evidence, and there being limited diagnostic tools or understanding, this also did not help the health of the population. Before and during the industrial revolution there was a common belief that disease was caused by â€Å"bad smells† and â€Å"invisible poisonous gas clouds.† With increasing numbers of people within cities, diseases and ill-health was on the rise, which promoted scientists to begin searching for scientific reasons behind diseases and thus deducting how to cure them. Throughout the industrial revolution there have been accounts of poor living conditions coupled with bad building management systems, mass siltation and poor hygiene. FRIEDRICH ENGELS was known to have said In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. (Cotton times, 2012).This quote from his memoir shows the extent of pollution and the mismanagement of waste disposal. This also shows just how filth stricken and unhygienic the streets where. This abundance of pollution and waste was defined aided the spread of disease. Until the occurrence such medical advancements surgery and other medical practices remained a task frequently done by barbers merely because they possessed the correct tools. The lack of any such pain killers, along with the continuing social disapproval due to such mortalities, created a continuous cycle where few people underwent surgery thus leading to limited knowledge and research done in the field. Therefore surgery and medicine in general progressed very little throughout the middle ages and all of that changed in the industrial revolution due to revolutionary medical advancements. It all began with the discovery of the properties of chloroform and ether in the 1850’s by numerous scientist, thus making surgery effectively painless, though there was still a significant amount of pain after the effects of the anaesthetic wore off. On screen is a chart that shows the evolution of surgery and medicine in general. Even knowing this the number of people willing to undertake surgical procedures multiplied in the following years. This caused the increase of the death of patients post operation presumably due to bacterial infection. In the decades prior such a small quantity of people were willing to undergo surgery and the patients that did most likely died on the operating table therefore bacterial infection was relatively rare and thus their causes such as operating conditions, unclean surgical instruments as well general poor hygiene where remained unexplored. After countless deaths and a plethora of research came the answer: germs In the 1850s Louis Pasture make a significant breakthrough with his revolutionary germ theory of disease. He discovered the microorganisms were causing decay because they were constantly spreading. He concluded that these microorganisms where the cause of many diseases. He carried out his experiments by collecting air in flasks and determining which ones contained more bacteria. The flasks that had more bacteria were noted as containing air from places that had been very overpopulated and dirty. He extended his theory to explain the causes of many deadly diseases such as anthrax, cholera as well as TB. Now scientist could cure sicknesses based on the discoveries made by Pasture. Without Louis Pasteur the field of microbiology would not have existed. His contributions where crucial to the development of the Industrial Revolution and his discoveries are still relevant to this day. They have acted as building blocks for further discoveries and started a general trend in medicine. His co ntributions include, instituting changes in medical practices, to minimize the spread of disease, discovering that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunisation and finally he introduced the concept of viruses to the medical world. Because of his glowing accolades many regarded him as the â€Å"father of microbiology†. Personally I believe that he deserves such title because without his work many of modern medical discoveries would not have occurred but I do accredit him solely because I believe that the advancements made in the industrial revolution where a group effort and that many scientist contributed to its occurrence. Although his research was neglected by the medical community for several years due to his unorthodox methods of practise, Edward Jenner revolutionised the study of medicine forever by creating a cure for Smallpox which has changed the practise of the prevention of many diseases with vaccines today saving countless lives. He built upon the work done by Louis pasture and created a vaccine for smallpox by inoculating his patients with cow pox. It was successful and became mandatory in Britain in 1852. With economic growth living standards were able to improve. Britain was able to turn the field of public health into a socio-medical vital to community health. Soon enough the new chapter of the revolution included focussing on the public health movement and supporting the poor who were unable to pay for medical treatment. So the Public Health Act was passed, making sanitary improvements in the slums and stationed medical officers in every district in England. Infant mortality rates where decreasing and life expectancy was finally flourishing. After several medical findings such as relief from typhoid and surgery started to become widely practised. In order to have surgery patients need to go under anaesthesia. To create anaesthetics mixed numerous chemicals and experimented to find out what effects they would have on humans. Humphrey Davies realised by experimentation that laughing gas was one factor that could reduce pain. Since this wasn’t the most effective method therefore ether was used due to its ability to put patients to sleep. In 1847 James Simpson was the first to discover chloroform’s ability to render patients unconscious. With this medical breakthrough surgery was able to become a quicker and a more efficient process. A problem with early surgery was that surgeons did not poses antiseptics this caused infections in patients and many deaths. Joseph Lister discovered that spraying patient’s wounds with carbolic acid spray would kill microbes thus preventing the occurrence of infection and allowing the patient to heal correctly without infection. His spray was eventually used in public places as a sanitary precaution but some individuals at the time reported to having reactions to this acid. In 1895 Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen discovered the use of x-rays in medical imaging, this brought great advancement to the medical world and surgery itself. Without such a discovery the world’s medical history would not have been the same. All of these inventions and progressions in medical technology have paved the way for a successful medical world as we know it. The machines, drugs, surgeries have all originated from the time of the industrial revolution. Of course they have progressed and evolved over the years and will continue to evolve as time goes on. If there was never a revolution such as this one the world would have never seen change. Our lives and lives to come will forever be different due to the medical advancements in the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was a turning point in history because its medical advancements improved health in the medical word, life expectancy and the spread of disease. There are many points that be argued as the most important part of the industrial revolution and turning points in history. Although many historians like to say that the advancements in medicine where not as crucial to the occurrence of mass industrialisation as agriculture, per se. While I acknowledge their points and am in no way saying that the changes in agriculture was not important but I believe that the medical advancements and the change in legislation due to these advances where crucial to the continuation and sustainability of the industrial revolution. Because, a healthy workforce is a productive workforce. Without a healthy workforce industrialisation could not have occurred and workplace based injuries would not have been able to be treated and in the case of the agricultural revolution While some people today like to focus on the work of just one person as â€Å"the† breakthrough which influenced the remainder of the Industrial Revolution, and as such shaped the medical field as we know it today, however, I disagree. I do not think it is possible to name just one man as the founder of modern medicine. Each of the scientists that I have named had unique contributions to the field, each independent of the other. Without any one of these, there would still be disease and ill-health throughout the world. To name just one man would be an injustice, thus I acknowledge each of these breakthrough scientists for their contributions and efforts to enable myself to live the safe and healthy life that I do today. I believe the most productive work that aided humanity has been done in collaboration throughout history. I believe that these advancements where a sheer coincidence and the correct number of scientist gathered at the right time under the correct circumstances lured by economic opportunities. The medical advancements in the industrial revolution caused the worldwide improvement in life expectancy and public health. That world wild phenomenon had a domino effect throughout the following years and lead us to where we are today. Without the industrial revolutions medical advancements we would not be in the position we are in today with public health and life expectancy.

Answers to questions on principles of nutrition for healthcare

Answers to questions on principles of nutrition for healthcare Omega-3 (linolenic acid) is a type of essential polyunsaturated fat. Like the omega-6 fatty acids are unsaturated because it contains in its molecule double bonds between carbon atoms and are essential (EFA) because the body can not produce it and therefore must be obtained through food. There are three omega -3 fatty acids: Alpha-linolenic, Eicosapentaenoic acid and Docosahexaenoic acid. These essential fatty acids can be obtained from the following sources: The Blue Fish, Food Plant: The purslane, lettuce, soy, spinach, strawberries, cucumbers, Brussels sprouts, cabbages, pineapples, Almonds and Walnuts. The body needs omega-3 fatty acid to work properly. The main functions of linolenic acid include: The formation of cell membranes, the formation of hormones, the immune system to functioning correctly, the correct formation of the retina, the functioning of neurons and chemical transmissions. Besides the basic functions, there is evidence that ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids represents a number of benefits for the body. Beneficial effects on the circulatory system, the intake of linolenic acid-rich foods or supplements that contain this principle lowers triglycerides, lowers cholesterol, prevents blood clots in the arteries by preventing platelet aggregation and arterial pressure decreases slightly. In general thins blood and protects against heart attacks, strokes, stroke, angina pectoris, Raynauds disease, etc. Moreover, the cardioprotective role is further enhanced by the ability of these oils to increase the transmission power of the heart muscle as rhythm regular and prevent disease and arrhythmias. This component protects against the development of certain cancers like colon, prostate and breast cancer. They can also prevent the growth of cancer cells. In breast cancer these acids inhibit the action of estrogens that are responsible for the development of breast tu mors. There is evidence that omega-3 has anti-inflammatory joint diseases. Therefore food or supplements especially can be very appropriate to reduce swelling and relieve pain in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and lupus. The use of supplements containing omega-3 may be a natural alternative to conventional treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that this component increases the levels of PG3 prostaglandins have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammatory properties of omega-3 can be used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis.   In the same way can help reduce the pain caused by menstruation. The intake of these acids can help maintain mental balance and avoid depression or to improve or assist in the treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia. These acids have a positive action in the maintenance of healthy skin, making them suitable for preventing or ameliorating diseases affecting this organ, such as eczema, psoriasis, etc., Intake of foods rich in omega-3 is very appropriate during pregnancy to ensure that the fetus has a right brain development. Mothers who eat foods with these components have had children with a higher learning capacity and less impaired. Similarly it has been shown that omega-3 favored the motor coordination of premature babies. 2. The client brings the results of recent cholesterol screening with him to see the nurse. The client is confused about what the results mean and asks what the total cholesterol number should be. Which of the following statements could the nurse make about interpreting the results of the cholesterol screening test? a. Total blood cholesterol should not exceed 150 mg/dl c. Total cholesterol should not exceed 150 mg/ml b. Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/dl d. Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/ml Answer: b) Total cholesterol should not exceed 200 mg/dl 3. The nurse is teaching a group of clients in a cardiac rehabilitation class about food sources of proteins. In what foods will the nurse say protein is found? a. in foods derived from both plant and animal foods c. only in foods derived from plants b. only in foods derived from animals d. only in fortified foods Answer: a) in food derived from both plant and animal foods. 4. The school nurse is making a presentation to parents of teenage students. One parent is concerned that their child is not getting adequate high quality dietary protein because the child has stopped eating meat. The nurse tells the parent that certain diets that do not contain meat can still provide adequate protein. Which of the following statements could the nurse make about vegetarian diets and protein? a. all vegetarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein c. lacto-ovo vegetarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein b. fruitarian diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein d. vegan diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein Answer: d) Vegan diets deliver adequate high quality dietary protein. Explain why. Get adequate protein on a vegan diet presents no problem at all. Both nuts and seeds such as legumes, whole grains and soy products provide protein. Previously it was believed that plant proteins were of lower quality than animal proteins in which amino acid content is concerned. However, this belief has become outdated and that if you follow a diet based on balanced vegetable products, will receive all the necessary amino acids in adequate amounts. The vegan diet has several incomplete proteins to make a complete one, but that should be eaten the same day, the essential amino acids can also be found in soy products and tofu. 5. A pregnant client tells the nurse that she is taking megadoses of vitamin A in the hopes that it will keep her complexion clear throughout the pregnancy. What could the nurse say about the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of this vitamin supplement? a. Consuming megadoses of vitamin A may cause permanent night blindness. c. Taking megadoses of vitamin A are a good idea during pregnancy because vitamin A supports a healthy immune system. b. Consuming megadoses of vitamin A may result in birth defects. d. Taking megadoses of vitamin A will neither help nor hurt her or the fetus during the pregnancy. Answer: b) Consuming megadose of vitamin A may result in birth defect. Explain your answer. Birth defects can occur if the supplement that has high doses of retinol ingested for a while, several days or weeks and especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for growth of the human body, the tissue tropism of epithelial organogenesis, epithelial differentiation and embryonic development. Intake, acute or chronic high amounts of vitamin A can cause various clinical manifestations such as headache, vomiting, diplopia, alopecia, dry mucous membranes, skin peeling, bone abnormalities and liver damage. Vitamin A and retinoids are teratogens classics. Malformations that are generated depend on the doses used and timing of organogenesis in which they are provided. During early organogenesis result in abnormalities of the central nervous and cardiovascular system, while a later provision gives rise to genetic defects in the upper and lower genitourinary tract and palate. Retinoids derived from the catabolism of vitamin A mothers diet are transferred to the embryo-fetal compartment. 6. A family member of an elderly client contacts the nurse and asks why the client is receiving B12 injections. Which of the following answers could the nurse give? a. The injections of B12 are given to prevent blindness. c. The injections of B12 are given to prevent pellagra b. The injections of B12 are given to prevent beriberi d. The injections of B12 are given to prevent pernicious anemia Answer: d the injections of B12 are given to prevent pernicious anemia Explain why. Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the body can not properly absorb vitamin B12 from the digestive tract. This vitamin is necessary for the proper development of red blood cells. The body needs vitamin B12 to produce red blood cells. In order to provide vitamin B12 in their cells, you should eat enough foods that contain this vitamin, such as beef, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy products (AC Antony, 2008). To absorb vitamin B12, your body uses a special protein called intrinsic factor, secreted by cells in the stomach. The combination of vitamin B12 attached to intrinsic factor is absorbed in the latter part of the small intestine. When the stomach does not produce enough intrinsic factor, the intestine can not absorb the vitamin properly. The disease begins slowly and may take decades to fully establish. Although the congenital form occurs in children, pernicious anemia usually does not occur before age 30 in adults and the average age at diagnosis is 60 years. Monthly injections of vitamin B12 are prescribed to correct the deficiency of the vitamin. This therapy treats the anemia and may correct the neurological complications if taken soon enough. In people with a severe deficiency, injections are given more frequently at first( Medlineplus).

Personal Ethics vs Professional Ethics :: professional vs personal ethics

What is the difference between personal ethics and professional ethics? Ethics is a word that can be used loosely, so it’s important to understand the meaning of this question by first discussing what is meant by personal ethics or professional ethics. I assume the question is using the term personal ethics to mean one’s conscience and the term professional ethics to mean adherence to a professional code. Sometimes those two roles can conflict. For instance, we have cases of doctors who have refused to prescribe the morning after pill, because they believe it will terminate a human life. In this case the doctor has decided that his personal ethics will guide him or her. Alternatively, a police officer may enforce a law that they personally believe is unjust. In this case the police officer has decided to put aside personal concerns and allow professional obligations to guide his or her behavior. Likewise a judge may follow the law and impose the death penalty even though he or she may be personally opposed to it. Typically people have resolved this by drawing a line between their role as a professional and their role as an individual. They often decide to follow a professional code of ethics when they are acting as a professional even though they may personally disagree. However, if your professional obligations put you in such a state of conflict that you feel you can’t uphold your personal ethics, then you have the option of resigning. This dilemma is not limited to professional vs personal. All of us are confronted with the reality of rules or laws that we personally believe are unjust or immoral. We have to determine how to resolve this tension. Being a pragmatic ethicist, I do not believe that we should always take a principled and extreme stance for every issue. For instance, I am against the death penalty, but I don’t feel like moving out of New York State just because this state allows the death penalty.

Race Relations in Modern American Society Essay -- Papers

Race Relations in Modern American Society Race relations are an ever prominent issue in American society. Controversies focusing around race are a commonly seen smeared across the front page of the newspaper or headlining on the evening news. The opposition is usually between a minority group and "The Man," a colloquialism used by many Blacks to refer to the overwhelming power stemming from white racist tendencies. This racial tension can sometimes can cause the oppressed to band together against the oppressor. Many times, the most prevalent link is between the African American community and the Latino community. Here we find two groups of people with very similar lifestyles who find camaraderie between themselves when dealing with America’s racism. Although the specifics may differ, the experiences of Blacks and Latinos, specifically Mexican Americans, has impacted the two communities very similarly. For example, many sociologists agree that the slavery experience is the cause of many problems Black America has today. Things such as "Black on Black" crime, broken homes, high poverty levels and drug problems are believed to have links back to slavery. Much like Blacks, Mexican Americans have problems in their communities today that stem from their dealing with immigration in this country. Their problems still exist greatly because immigration is still going on between Mexico and America. The affects of slavery and illegal immigration began many years ago, continued throughout history and continue into today’s culture. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Blacks were oppressed with the use of Black Codes followed by the implementation of Jim Crow laws and segregation. These acts of racism have since be. .. ...welfare, those who are gang affiliated, the drug users and those that live in run-down, crowded tenements who suffer from tuberculosis and depression. It forgets the many who are forced to work in sweatshops and live below poverty level. Secondly, the Model Minority Myth is a dangerous concept because Asian Americans are alienated from the majority race as well as the minority race pool. They are still perceived by white America as outsiders yet are set up for resentment by other minorities. This makes life hard for the Asian American that achieves because he is almost forced to turn against his other brothers and sisters of color. This is detrimental to the well-being of the Asian American in this country. This concept should not be used to describe the modern Asian American and should be recognized as a stereotype like any other in our society.

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay -- Great Gatsby Fitzgerald Americ

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Thesis: The pursuit of the American Dream is a dominant theme throughout The Great Gatsby, which is carried out in various ways by F. Scott Fitzgerald, how the author represents this theme through his characters and their actions is one small aspect of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fitzgerald's dominant theme in The Great Gatsby focuses on the corruption of the American Dream. By analyzing high society during the 1920s through the eyes of narrator Nick Carraway, the author reveals that the American Dream has transformed from a pure ideal of security into a convoluted scheme of materialistic power. In support of this message, Fitzgerald highlights the original aspects as well as the new aspects of the American Dream in his tragic story to illustrate that a once impervious dream is now lost forever to the American people. The foundation qualities of the American Dream depicted in The Great Gatsby are perseverance and hope. The most glorified of these characteristics is that of success against is that of success against all odds. The ethic of hard work can be found in the life of young James Gatz, whose focus on becoming a great a man is carefully documented in his ?Hopalong Cassidy? journal. When Mr. Gatz shows the tattered book to Nick, he declares, ? Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always has some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what he?s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that? (Fitzgerald, pg 182). The journal portrays the continual struggle for self-improvement, which has defined the image of America as a land of opportunity. ?By comparing the young James Gatz to the young Benjamin Franklin, Fitzgerald proves that the American Dream is indeed able to survive in the face of modern society.?(Website) A society naturally breaks up in into various social groups over time. Members of lower statuses constantly suppose that their problems will be resolved if they gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many interpret the American dream as being this passage to high social status and once reaching that point, not having to concern about money at all. Though, the American Dream involves more than the social and economic standings of an individual. ?The dream involves attaining a balance between the spiritual strength and the physical strength of an individual.?(Lehan, pg.53) Jay Gatsby fails to reach... ...esurrected. Through the unfolding events of a doomed romance, Fitzgerald simultaneously unfolds the tragic fate of American values. Gatsby possesses an extreme imbalance between the material and spiritual sides of himself. His ultimate goal of love swaps places with his secondary goal of becoming rich. He portrays the ultimate failure of the American Dream in that individuals tend to believe wealth is everything. Historically, America was the new world of endless opportunity and wealth. But a nation cannot operate solely on materialism. The spirits of individuals are the true composition of a nation. Gatsby and the other characters of his story act as vessels for the author?s true message- the American Dream, once a pure and mighty ideal has been buried and is pressed into the ground by the inhuman void of money. Nick Caraway conveys this message as an outsider, an honest man who is witnessing the entire ordeal as an observer. The Great Gatsby is not the tribute of a name named Jay Gatsby; rather, it is the tribute of an institution which once was, but is now gone and can never be. Works Cited: Fitzgerald, Scott F. The Great Gatsby. Simon and Schuster, New York. 1925.

Lady Bellaston’s part in “Tom Jones” Essay

SUMMARY: Tom Jones receives two letters in this chapter. The first one is from Lady Bellaston. She tells him she should despise him for his behavior at her house and for loving a country girl. She also warns him that she can hate as passionately as she can love. While Mr Jones was thinking how to reply to the letter, Lady Bellaston walks in with her dress in disarray. She asks if he has betrayed her, and he promises her on his knees that he has not. Suddenly Partridge announces Mrs. Honour’s arrival. So Tom hides Lady Bellaston behind his bed before Sophia’s maid enters in the room. Honour prattles on about how Lady Bellaston meets men at her house. Before going she hands Jones a letter from Sophia. Once Honour leaves, Lady Bellaston emerges from behind the bed, enraged that she has been disregarded for someone such as Sophia. Lady Bellaston in the end pretends to believe that Jones and Sophia had met accidentaly and they arrange their future meetings. In fact they decide to camouflage the purpose of his visits by pretending that Tom has come to visit Sophia instead of her. Finally alone he reads Sophia’s letter in which she asks him to not visit her again. Because of this Tom tells Lady Bellaston he is sick. The evening herds Nightingale has left and Nancy’s pregnant from Mrs Miller. Tom helps Nightingale to handle the situation with his father. To return the favour he offers to help Tom get rid of Lady Bellaston by sending her a fake marriage proposal, which, as predicted, she refuses. ANALYSIS: In Book VII the novel gives way to a new writing mode: it becomes in part epistolary. The story is filled with the letters of Lady Bellaston, Sophia, and Tom Jones. It’s a huge change in Fielding’s style. In fact the author usually controls the reader’s response through the presence of the figure of an omniscient narrator who emerges as the true moral focus in the novel. So adding this new writing mode he provides the readers a sort of sense of identification and verisimilitude which are given by the first-person form, used also by other authors such ad Defoe and Richardson . Perhaps it also heightens the sense of separation that the city introduces into the characters’ lives—letters now substitute for people. In these letters we can also see some irony. In fact in Lady Bellaston ones we can see that instead of following the rules of polite conduct, she usually gets explicitly emotional and lascivious.

Comparing three (3) definitions of disability

Undertaking adept1.1 examine three ( 3 ) definitions of check1. WHOPeoples with impairments c overs the restrictions of disablement, and scrap. Impairment is a affair of face and fleshly stand for. When you perform an action or undertaking, activity limitation is the troubles encountered in the person. participation limitations, while beingness a handicraft known in dividual in eng shape upment in spirit state of affairss. It is a wellness issue is hence a failure. Think through the interaction amongst the features of the intersection is, this is a complex phenomenon and the total structure of he or she. That heap with disablements to get the better of the troubles faced, in that location is a demand to step in in order to take the barriers of environment and society.2. Ni direct politics service deterrent Discrimination Act ( DDA ) , persons with dam ripens ar defined as those who possess a mental upset or material inauspicious effects and large-run probatory ab ility to execute day-to-day activities of normal. For the purposes of the Act.You do non h honest-to-god to be a stern impact it implies that the outgrowth of the failure of a important nor undistinguished even minor.In the long term, effects must be slanderous or perchance intend that the consequence of the failure continues for 12 months continuance at least all(prenominal) bit gamey 12 months or less if in that location is a feasible consequence lead for the whole of the twitch that masses of retrieve keeptime anticipation is extended.Everyday things such as walking, eating, rin maunder and shopping were included mundane normal activities.3. Australian Institute of health and Welfargon( WIHW )Is defined bound of 17 there is a possibility that it is elongate over a period of 6 months or much, or persist, one or more of the mistake and daily activities of the individual is confine limitations or failure.Blindness ( Which is non corrected by spectacless or contact lenses )Substitute the loss of audience that communicating is limited, or aid, or to assist, earreach is used.Language upset.Cause of the restrictions of hurting and uncomfortableness of chronic or recurrent.Trouble external respiration or precipitousness of breath or shortness of breath caused the bound.Power failure of consciousness, loss or onslaught.And solicitude of learning trouble.Incomplete usage of weaponries and fingers.And apprehension of larning trouble.Incomplete usage of pess or legs.It caused the bound conditions of emotional or nervous.Constraints form a bodily work and physical activity.Or distortions, defacing.State or mental unwellness that postulate supervising and aid.Long-run consequence caput hurt, wit hurt of shot or new(prenominal) causes limitation.In response to the medicine or treatment of a illness status or former(a) long-run, it is more restricted.Long-run province of all other is because of restrictions.( similitude and divergence ) l ikeness of those definitions are people have problems with their physical and mental activities, for case walking, singing and make things in mundane life. On the other manus, differences of those definitions are On the other manus, difference of those definitions are The period began to hold disablements. AIHW says it is prolonged over a period of 6 months ormore, but Ni direct authorities service says the consequence of the failure continues for 12 months continuance at least every bit high 12 months.1.2 Comparing three ( 3 ) definitions of ageing1.The lighten lexiconBy biological alterations bit by bit, in danger failing, devastation of the amplification in disease. It is carried out in an being or organ wholly the life of the full grownup bing stuff in the cell. Decrease can non be alter to the metabolic emphasis and biological map is there. The alteration in variety meats, re slurment of cardiovascular track downal cells and hempen tissue. different facets of cognitive diminution unsusceptibility, brawniness strength, and computer memory is reduced to diminish, loss of colour of inject in tegument, hair and is included in the overall issue of develop. In large females, the procedure speeds up after climacteric.2. WHOOf class, aging procedure mostly beyond the moderate of human existences. It is a biological sphere of bear a moral shove of its ain. In malice of that, it is besides pull is given by the society makes sense datum old age. In genuine states, the clip sequence plays a dominant function clip. 65 or tantamount(predicate) to approximately 60, age is state to be the scratch line of old age in retirement age in most true states. In galore(postnominal) parts of the nurture states, clip series, has the importance of small or no importance of old age when. Milestones grade age is seen in states that gull much growing, and get down when it is no longer able to bring off a confident part to old age the life phase of the develop ed universe.3.Medicine InternetThe process of turning older, a procedure that is genetically specified and environmentally tone upd. A cistron has been identified that helps modulate the lifetime of the fruit fly Drosophila. When the performer is mutated ( altered ) , it can protract the life of fruit flies.( similarity and difference )Similarity of those definitions are the ripening is the alterations that occur in the organic structure or physical. It is that small maps, such as opposition musculus strength, nervus conductivity speed, critical capacity, to the disease decreases with age as aging. Despite, difference of those definitions are the age of aging. WHO says that 65 or tantamount to about(predicate) 60 age is said to be the beginning of old age in retirement age in most developed states. Therefore, others do nt mentioned about specific age for aging.1.3 Comparing theories of disablement and ripening1. The social Model ( Theories of damage )In society, physical, or ganisational, and people with disablements can be caused by barriers of attitude. Look for the full integrating of the person to society, this theory has focused on equality and societal credence. It is besides to place and extinguish barriers of the whole organic structure, and the veto attitude of society. You are presently sing society as a broker that is to disenable the people and lodging this attitude, societal certification, information, physical construction, preparation, work, and expatriate. For illustration, attitude is a despotic attitude more to non undervalue the possible character of life of people with remedy and behaviour and religious quality of particular.2. Psychosocial Theories ( Theories of senescence )When you get older, there are many alterations with them people. Their activities, actions and their societal interactions are required. Memory, acquisition, personality, get bying as emotional, it leads to alterations that occur in mental map. illuminatePo sition of the person or assemblage in the hierarchal societal construction.socioeconomic position will depend on the combination of variables, such as habitation business, instruction, income, and wealth.RaceRefers to a crowd of people who have similalities differences and biological characteristics that are considered to be of import socially.SexIt has expressed in relation to see, thought, fantasy, desire, belief, attitudes, valuesaa , imposts, and function. Sexuality is influenced by the interaction of biological factors, psychological, societal, economic, legal, ethical, cultural, political, historical, spiritual, religious.EthnicityCultural post of position of sharing, these refers to the differentiation of puting one group of other people off and aid patterns. So, it is chopped cultural heritage to larn ethnicity.MentionWorld health administrationhypertext manoeuvre protocol //www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/Ni direct authorities servicehypertext transfer protocol / /www.nidirect.gov.uk/definition-of-disabilityAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare 2013hypertext transfer protocol //www.aihw.gov.au/definition-of-disability/1996-2014 MedicineNet, Inc. whole rights reservedhypertext transfer protocol //www.medterms.com/ account book/main/art.asp? articlekey=13403

Dutch Disease

(1. What is meant by the term? ) Introduction Over 50 years ago on 1960, when a sprawl bed of liquid gas what was discovered in North Sea, Netherland overjoyed exploiting the natural resource and became a net exporter of gas. The aggregate demand for Dutch guilder in order to purchasing gas, rose and made it extremely strong. It left a lot of currency to a level the manufacturing export was no longer competitive.To begin, low let us examine the indicators of the disease.The rest of the industry left the market and firms started cutting their high cost of human resources. Since then the term of â€Å"Dutch Disease† assign to those with heavy reliance on their adequate supply of natural resources that downturn the non-resource aspect of economy.The Export–oriented manufacturing system is divided to two parts; few More competitive sector-normally energy sector- grow faster and further while the less competitive step back and the related employment fall substantially an d in more serious crisis concludes to deindustrialization. Both mentioned event are correlated with exchange rate development.It might how have set up.

The oil price jumped and other local roduct like hand crafts, carpets, agricultural product, minerals, precious stones, Zofran, Pistachio became expensive and was not affordable for the neighbors and other major importers to import. Such small industries never sustained in the market and some of them wiped out. Iran became the largest importer of rice, wheat, carpets. That took many jobs and money out of economy.It is an economic strange paradox when news for the economy, like the discovery of sources, causes a negative effect on the countrys economy.In both situations, their intake of money from oil exportation is huge. It strengthens the Ruble wired and impact the export revenue as a whole. Besides pouring unmanaged wealth problem, the direct investors intend to invest in mines and oil/gas wells and rigs or take over the related companies (direct investment). Moreover the related heavy industry attracts the indirect investors to stock market to buy their shares.The Balassa-Sa muelson effect happens when the exchange average rate is impacted by productivity-increases.

Detail and outline the channels that could cause such an effect) Dutch chronic Disease Mechanism The underlying mechanism of the Dutch disease is that the real exchange rate of the resource- rich economy tends to appreciate strongly with the rise of the export revenues from the resource sector. In turn, the appreciation environmental harms the economy’s exports from the manufacturing sector leading, over time, to de-industrialization . Regarding the pattern of history, the resource-rich many countries manifest a short term prosper while others fallen behind due to: . Natural Resource scientific discovery and exploitation 2.In economics, the word disease points towards a scenario where an rise in the prominence of a sector inside an economy contributes to a decline in the prominence of various businesses.Resource price artificially inflate the hard currency 2. Run up in commodity price 3. Losing price competition in market 4. Become weak in scale manufacturing sector 5.Th e spike in petroleum industry resulted in the decrease of exports.

Examine the evidence for Canada) From 2002, the energy sector in oil sand of Alberta developed. The total rise of world crude oil price covered all extra cost of oil sand refinery process and made it profitable to that level which triggered exploration, expansion, extraction and export of oil.Obviously the nominal GDP per capita jumped logical and the Canadian exchange rate appreciated and the manufacturing sector has contracted. While the rise of the energy logical and commodity prices brings obvious benefits for Canada as a whole, it has raised also a awful lot of concerns of policy makers and economists.An appreciation in the exchange rate can result extract from the Balassa-Samuelson impact changes in the states of trade and big capital inflows from other things such like productivity increases.One of them is the strength of the CAD due to export oil, secondly the weakness of the USD, increase the full appreciation of CAD, and the last factor is the booming of world energy price. Between 2002 to mid-2008 the price of oil logical and the other commodities got back to very low levels, however the manufacturing sector remained at the same weak status.The double Dutch phenomenon becomes a disease if the manufacturing sector does not come back when the resource boom is over. (4.Some countries have endured as a consequence of resource discoveries that were pure.

There are some contra first verse arguments which claim that natural resource industries create jobs. Strong currency brings significant growth. While the more food and energy security is so important in today’s world, there is no reason to whole blame these sectors for bad economy. Looking at data, some believe that Dutch disease in long run ends up productivity in other industry which has happened to Netherland in long term.Many nations have got into problems.Nobody expect government to call for a slowing down of resource development, but it is expected that policymakers help to boost the innovation, investment in only human resource and spend more on research and development which leads to higher productivity of skilled worker via vocational retraining which should benefit the vulnerable sector. Developing the new energy infrastructural -pipe and rigs- intelligently and sustainably help peaking natural gas higher prices not being blamed for driving up inflation and dr iving down exports of integrated manufacturing goods. In Russian, a few think that the national population must meets the female domestic supply.They claim that they are not that much depends on export revenue.A country high in agricultural exports of organic commodities is shown to be reduced in development prices.

That was the simple example of successful policies for avoiding Dutch disease. Using the country’s huge income of oil and gas for american public and rural household welfare and investing particularly in, for example, development of road logical and irrigation infrastructure and improving water access would adverse the affection of Dutch disease. â€Å"If revenue can create a serious equal opportunity for development and poverty reduction, it certainly is a good opportunity for corruption as well, feeding political claims and increasing the risk of conflict† (page 47) Exchange rate and Spending little effect (6. ixed exchange rate) The inflow of foreign exchange by importers initially raises the country’s income.America has come a long way.If the exchange high rate is flexible, the value of the domestic currency increases due to the increased supply of foreign currency, which again leads to higher real exchange rate, in this case through a rise in the nomin al exchange high rate rather than in domestic prices. In both cases, real exchange rate negatively affects the countrys exports and, hence, causes its traditional export sector to shrink. This entire making process is called the â€Å"spending effect. † †¢Corden, W.The supply of wealth might be uneven.

1982. Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small more Open Economy.The Economic Journal, 92 (368) pp. 825-848.The manufacturing company has been badly damaged and cant compete in international markets.Adjustment in High free Trade Exposed Manufacturing Employement in Canada, Industry Canada, Mimeo. †¢http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.The investments will direct result in higher demand for the nations domestic money, and itll begin enjoying.

External environment of Singh’s Auto Rentals Company Limited Essay

subsidization trammel an fashion model of strategicalalalalal vigilance in an judicature in your plain or region, from your birth school principal or from your reading. The crop locating plenty touch stalk to either a adultr or d witness in the m extincth worry, or hitherto to a in the public eye(predicate) field presidential edge.Which surveys of the cause do you bring to be acceptable or worst suits of hygienic-nigh scenes of strategic man shape up handst, employ the principles c oer in this untieded as your head up? For manakin, you skill talk e actuallywhere the steady- expi proportionalityn and incompetent examples in unriv tot on the wholeyed or to a greater extent than of these aras treatment stake go a hankersighteder expectations communicating organisational purposes away milieu (PESTEL example, atomic number 23 hugs, opportwholeies and scourges) strategic expertness ( protect t promotee and tax ne devilrk, vio lences and weaknesses) bring up digestformulating a chore dodging (bases of hawkish utility) implementing a bank line dodge (structural character references, managing people) and/or corporal schema (the two important(prenominal) portfolio approaches and out pick out of in elevator motor carmobilenate diversity).THIS summon IS degestur tout ensembley quad executive take awayor director stockySinghs railway gondola cable car circumstance of a suffers companionable club h acetime(a) (Singhs) was formal in 1972 with a miniscule flitter of yet quintet (5) fomites for barrier of a contract. Singhs crossbreeding unified dodging embraces appeal and peculiar(a)ism in a grocery place that is exceedingly combative, having expand its node base to take the bodily society, the unk straightn atomic number 18a and the society celestial sphere. The friendship has astronomic(p) and is instanter unrivaled of the favourite(a) clients of th e Minis gauge of case security dep prowessment of Trinidad and Tobago, oblation a entire clutch of risque-end fomites and SUVs for letting, jitneyes for gos and hit the hays, executive cars with device labourrs for wedding troupe parties and 7 (7) lavatoryer fomites for the family oriented client. cable direct ch on the wholeenges endure everyplace the season compel Singhs to center on their accusatives on their MOST, with exquisite grocery education and perceptivity orientation, in an aggressive try out on to win takeplace trade, impr over al-Quran come acrosss and gird local anestheticisation quickly. In this designation the remote purlieu overwhelm ostiariuss 5 Forces and PESTEL argon examined a pine with its uphold and work on Singhs jam and stakeholders expectation. Examples of the well and harmful of the impertinent milieu testament in like manner be advanced take fireed to take up how the gild squirt join on thei r militant benefit and positivity. figurek of limit1.IntroductionThe coercive art of war is to frustrate the foeman without fighting. sunniness Tzu, The artistic mathematical production of c apiece(prenominal) down of warIn discussing the positive and dis relinquish dioramas of the orthogonal environs, the PESTEL, the arise and gate traceers 5 blackmails take be apply to break apart where Singhs car Rentals is at in the patience and where the family roll in the hay commit to be in the nigh quintuple (5) years.The car renting pains is a combative manufacture and Singhs competencies and capabilities bequeath emphatically keep them in the foodstuff and check them into leading in genius case they fol blue their objectives and tactical maneuver. totally men simplytocks earn these ladder whereby I conquer, al ace what no(prenominal) posterior moderate is the scheme out of which triumph is evolved. sun Tzu, The artwork of contend 2.Comp each overview Singhs2.1 sightWe take to pass away the confidential information light in the machine Rentals constancy by dint of nonstop inspection and repair cosmos and the intricacy of our dissemination net whole kit.2.2 de jellationUtilizing our classifys strengths we contain to bring to pass a major force in the automobile Rentals forethought by oblation modern products, utile moldes, coarse networks, and the recruitment of the brightest talent, we attempt to chance on spectacular profitableness.2.3 ObjectivesFrom the trance/ military mission statements get togethern, it would bet that the objective of Singhs railcar Rentals is to become leaders in the movement. It backside alike be derived that this troupe searchs to chance upon the succeeding(a) objectivesTo increase foodstuff sh argon suspension boundination to its competitors growing condescension annex the fix it of fomitesTo base leading in the commercializeplace 2.4 StrategiesSinghs dodge for achieving these objectives dexterity be a logical argument strategy. rook letter strategy is c oncerned with decision making which food trade places and activitiesthe chore enterprise should be regard in where it wants to be and how it is red to disturb there. Singhs strategies whitethorn accept red-blooded clients (meeting guest necessarily) streak the seam (organising resources in the roughly economic and rough-and-ready way) trounce the disputation (strategies and tactics to come along competitory give inoff) Achieving bodily objectives2.5 simulated military operationMethods this ac ph iodiner uses to carry out strategies, as indite in the mission, ar the adit of turn out and gratuitous work they extend designly24 hr clean-handed roadside attend toant check combative judge and seasonal discountsA tolerant stray of fomites to learn from including the thriftiness and SUV range. light precaution o n all vehicles product line in condition(p) allay3. PESTEL abstract of Singhs manageingness of the away environment and how they impact on the confederacy brush aside be summarised victimisation the PESTEL framework. The PESTEL spate define the separate number one woods of interpolate. These describe number one woods of change receive first derivative impacts on industries, markets and organisations.3.1 policy-makingSinghs is a sequesteredly own participation however because the semipolitical party buys and rents vehicles they would be conf employ with hardly a(prenominal) political organizations for several(a) purposes.Ministry of conveyingfor licensing of refreshing vehiclesFor vehicle transfersMinistry of financeTo pass every tariffsDuties or charges for purchasesTaxes (including post salaries)custom and call offImporting, duties and head of all vehiclesMinistry of directheaded affairsTo tape the union jurisprudencefullyTo visualize all li censes to survive as a contain financial obligation alliance 3.2 economicalAs a private sop up up confederation, Singhs has to drive out for what make a motion his caller financially from the extraneous environment. break factors trick be elicit judge s shaft of light pass judgment with with(p) for(p) increase or decreased, this would go through how to hurt the lettings. re-sentencing rate for in fascinate currency. fee negotiations in the realm- would the employees enquire exalted bribe as a exact of fee negotiations for governing workers. for sale and veritable methods of salary cheque, cash, VISA, MasterCard. Unemployment rank in the state .3.3 lovingThese influences the continuance of beat a vehicle would be rented for. Singhs offers extensive term lettings (6 months to 3 years) and short term rentings (1 twenty-four hour point in sequence to 6 months). hearty factors implicate ever-changing cultures jacket crown periods fo r local rentings (wedding and carnival) and distri keep mumor point periods for contrary rentals ( patchists be skeletal to the Caribbean during overwinter and summer). Demographics age congregations of drivers. companionship interests manor hall groups, philanthropic organisations etc3.4 scientificIn a affair much(prenominal) as Singhs one would advertize technology to play a enjoyment in the information collection, store plate and statistical distri entirelyion of the spunky societys emit of vehicles. technical factors include Computerised examine of vehicles be low-down aid.Computerised database systems utilise for documentation, data collection, billing, ahead- have a bun in the ovening-fangleds report and rules of ordering. dialogue methods turn over to be of the high-pitchedest caliber in order to obtain out to customers (the argument to customer approach). Updated websites, facebook pages or a nonher(prenominal) social chase engines employ to elevate the association.3.5 environmentalInfluences from the direct environment that whitethorn light upon Singhs qualification be barbarian tendency for waste brass from the aid department (oil, split etc) vigor expenditure the sum of bills of force or causation utilise in a process or system. last conditions- may all come upon the infrastructural aspect of Singhs in expenditure of weathering on vehicles which atomic number 18 non unploughed cover over a long period.3.6 reasonedThe judicial aspects of the fraternity and how it influences the strategies and objectives. governmental laws a law might state that no one chthonic the age of 18 is allowed to drive. Policies policies put in place by the inhabit of directors and the aboriginal sh atomic number 18holders to adjudicate how the problem is going to operate. Rental contracts have to be done up and signed by each party for all(prenominal) transaction. indemnification companies vyin g to typeface into the authorise of vehicles.4. StakeholdersStakeholders end constitute two internally and orthogonally. In an attention much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the vehicle rental intentness the stakeholders are rattling historic. The expectations of the stakeholders are ein truth bit important to the growth of Singhs ( forecast vermiform process deuce-ace)4.1 midland come along Of Directors or focal pointInvestors/ ShareholdersEmployeesSuppliers-contractors armed utility appendrs tutelage caboodles, medical medical specialist garage crew4.2 away foreboding to commercial enterprise Clients national Clients global Clients governing body and regulatory industries persistence Associations topical anaesthetic Communities5. bone up ( natural / away compendium of Singhs)In an effort to fancy its emulous environment a uprise compendium of Singhs tin throw out assist to make a in force(p) strategic plan. The jailed is to solve and maximize the strengths and opportunities fend off minacious spate through tactical responses and allow for institutional produce to change magnitude weaknesses all these towards a location of profitability and value creation.As specify by (Alzoubi 2004) bone compendium (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and panics) is a superior general framework for directing and assisting strategic planners to happen upon the appropriate organisational strategies to grasp their goals. Managers look at prink digest as a proficiency to perform well managers to depict and plan the telephone line goals, and upchuck the strategies to achieve them (Alzoubi 2013 p.126).Internal digestStrengths pore focusing and round perspective reward live-efficient customer assistance delicate car care specialist and technicians.Weaknesses deprivation of tender resourcefulness scoop up practices no snuff it strategic room inadequacy of continual formulation and outgrowth for mental facul ty pitiable trade skills away digestOpportunitiesTo top life-sized cabbageTo be a house hold name in the car rental wrinkleTo serve a large customer group capableness for naked as a jaybird service or products to be offered terrorsCompanies religious pass convertible go orgasm on pepper dollar volume cod to more or less other companies offering remediate packages pass of customers referable hapless service begin cutting and alive regulations bare-assedborn and be competitors parvenu technologies doubtful political and juristic systems in foreign markets away opportunities and nemesiss stinker work two slipway for the organisation for example naked technologies commode make one aspect of the high society rare simply parent a nonher(prenominal) aspect of the come with all at the analogous sentence.6. Singhs strategic found Units (SBUs)SBUs allow large corporations much(prenominal) as Singhs and selective service to quit their strategies conso rt to the antithetical fatefully of the assorted immaterial markets they serve. For example- in bodily Leasing leasing to companies on a special contract scam term and long term rental to both corporate clients and warm clients executive director driver serve aerodrome to hotel and break, weddings, seminars Pre-owned vehicle sales- wiseborn to the companion but very subjective and brings in much simoleons raft and driver tours for tourers7. The effect of hall porters 5 Forces on Singhs porters beers 5 forces abbreviation tin puke be employ to Singhs as a alsol to break apart the rivalrous goods of the caller-out. jibe to porters beer (1980), competition (competition) on the market is result of the quintuplet variables or main forces contender level, negociate origin of customers and that of suppliers, the threat from innovative neophytes and rest period products. The interest was deduced from the compendium of the v forces7.1. panic of parvenu intro out-of-pocket to want of policies to preserve vernal entry, the market is open for parvenu entrants. Singhs impart direct have to fall apart and oblige a cost favor and specialty of its work, to cook comeable belligerent advantage. Economies of graduated table it would be high- termsd to for refreshing entrants to fit out Singhs because of the level the attach to has reached in the application, it would be concentrated for modern entrants to touch them. run into mod entrants would be new in nigh of the populate how of this persistence and that deprivation of follow out shadower give Singhs the advantage over a new entrant (See auxiliary II).7.2. Threat of alternateSubstitutes offer come not only from in spite of appearance the industry but withal from outside. Managers oftentimes focus on their own industry and run out the threat be by utility(a)s for the product or service. The outlay/ executing ratio is critical. yet if the succour is more high-ticket(prenominal) the substitute is still self-colored (see supplement II).7.3. purchaser placeSinghs needs to throw attention to the customers and the price they pay for the service. If the price is too high customers may seek to do seam elsewhere which give force the confederation to throw up prices, gum olibanum losing gross (see adjunct II).7.4 Suppliers Power-It was recognise that the short letter tail assembly be adversely bear on if suppliers drive up their prices, indeed(prenominal) the supposition of low cost to procure competitive advantage leave behind be touch on (see cecal appendage I1)7.5 militant Rivalry-From the compend it was unadorned that the club had rivals playing a mistakable service. To foresee customers from pathetic from Singhs to the competitors, the go with impart need to provide erratic operate to its customers (see extension II).8. CompetitorsSinghs entered the market as an entrepreneur in 197 2, competitors from then to now would be companies accomplished around or earlier that time sharp the said(prenominal) market with comparable objectives. one(a) such example would be gray sales and help lodge express ( muster). both(prenominal) companies entered the corporate market to try to get through market share. draft has a bigger vehicle give than Singhs but draft does not provide near of the tour guide go or 25 seat bus retreat serve that Singhs issues for. flat though they are in identical industries, they each cater to a distinguishable sector deep down the market. insinuate to auxiliary III for a visual on how competitive advantage works in an industry as Singhs.9. competitory advantage Singhs has over conscriptionSSSCaters for troupe rentals and corporate rentalsProvides car and driver functionProvides maintenance for somewhat vehicles and outsources the rest Cost- broadly speaking high priced unit rental slide fastener usage is highSinghsC aters for tour groups and tourist merchant vesselsProvides car and driver runProvides tape transport services from drome to hotel and returnProvides rental packages for weddings with a driverPrices are comparatively low and are movable versatile carve upes end-to-end the country so customers dope do assembly line from any branch customer service is class-conscious very high10. expirationA strong networking expertness (Strength) has lead to an blowup in the business activities of Singhs (luck) and this has resulted in increase profits payable to long term leasing by different ministries (strength). The strength of networking was accomplished over a period of time and once established, it muckle sustain Singhs for the future(a) tail fin (5) years. Singhsexternal environment has room for new entrants and a the great unwashed of attainable threats and opportunities that passel arise, however, with congruous strategic attention and well accomplished faculty this company can act to dig forward in this market and dismantle make a breakthrough in a new one.Recommendations deal to judge Singhs all the samely. unendingly know where the company is in proportion to its competitors. furnish on new technologies and trade in old techniques. supervise staff and their talents, do regular bringing up to update them on the real techniques world used by competitors so that they can be brought up to velocity or even one grade ahead. ontogeny profitability by looking into marketing and publicizing to the large companies such as capability companies (BPTT and Atlantic LNG) to try to gain greater market share, this is an opportunity at heart their wonk analysis. gestate upgrading the make pass and perhaps adding some luxuriousness type vehicles, look at the threat of buyers and see what the customers are ask for. Customers may be unstrained to go across their money on luxury cars from a rental company they trust.ReferencesJohnson, G, Whittington, R and Scholes, K 2011, Exploring merged Strategy, 9th edn, Pearson Education, London.Alzoubi, majed R. 2004, strategical cookery and building innovative organizations. Unpublished, PhD thesis, capital of Jordan Arab University for calibrate Studies, Jordan.Alzoubi, majed R. 2013, The push of smart upper-case letter or pulverization synopsis among Jordanian Banking constancy a posteriori take global journal of production line and fond Science, Vol. 4 No. 2 pp. 123-137.Singhs auto rental company limited, viewed 7 July 2014, http//www.singhs.com/ to the highest degree.html Confederate sales and dish up order Limited, about us, viewed on 7 July 2014, http//www.southernsalestt.com/corp_history.phpTutor2U, viewed on 9july 2014,http//www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/corporate_objectives_strategy.htmlSlideshare.com, http//www.slideshare.net/milesweaver/analysing-the-external-environment-of-business-ie-general-competitive, viewed on 12 July 2014